Kolonialismus: Ewige Qualen?

 

Tantalus Butte – ein Wahrzeichen in Carmacks, Yukon. Es ist nach einer mythologischen Figur aus dem antiken Griechenland benannt.

Tantalos war vor allem für seine ewige Bestrafung bekannt. Er musste in einem Wasserbecken unter einem Obstbaum mit niedrigen Zweigen stehen, wobei die Früchte sich seinem Zugriff immer entzogen und das Wasser immer zurückging, bevor er etwas trinken konnte.

Was für ein Omen.

Historisch gesehen war es Frederick Schwatka, der “In A Summer in Alaska” (1893) beschreibt:

In der Gegend um die Mündung des Flusses Nordenskiöld war direkt vor unserem Floß nicht weniger als sieben Mal eine auffällige kahle Stelle zu sehen, und zwar auf ebenso vielen verschiedenen Flussabschnitten. Ich nannte ihn Tantalus Butte und war froh genug, ihn aus dem Blickfeld verschwinden zu sehen. 

Für Stammesangehörige der Northern Tutchone war er als Gun Tthi bekannt, was soviel wie “Wurmberg” bedeutet. Sie glaubten, dass ein riesiger Wurm mit Augen wie die Sonne auf dem Hügel lebte, und wenn sie beim Vorbeifahren auf dem Fluss zu viel Lärm machten, würde der Wurm einen großen Wind verursachen, der ihr Boot umkippen würde.

Und die Boote in Carmacks sind immer noch durcheinander. Viele der Menschen stehen in einem Becken mit klarem Wasser unter einem reichlich gefüllten Obstbaum mit niedrigen Ästen – und das gute Leben scheint nicht in Reichweite zu sein.

Der Junge, den ich regelmässig mit dem Schulbus von der benachbarten Einfahrt abholte: Er ist des vorsätzlichen Mordes angeklagt. Das Mädchen, das mir als Busfahrer mit einer Mischung aus Verachtung und Achtung begegnete – immer gut für ein Wortgefecht und dankbar für den zusätzlichen Service, wenn sie zu spät kam – starb als junge Frau auf einem Rettungsflug unter fragwürdigen Umständen. Ein Mann in meinem Alter, Sohn des Stammesältesten, der mich in den Stamm adoptieren wollte, verschwand wegen einer Flasche Schnaps: er wurde erstochen und im mächtigen Yukon River entsorgt.

Als ich als Teil der Ehrengarde bei der Zeremonie zur Unterzeichnung des Selbstverwaltungsabkommens zwischen der britischen Krone und der Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation stand – gekleidet in einen nagelneuen gelben Overall eines EFF (freiwilliger Waldbrandbekämpfer), der mir schließlich meinen indianischen Namen Tsüne Cho (“Bibo – Big Bird”) gab – hatte ich den Eindruck, dass die Gemeinde Carmacks auf dem Weg der Heilung war. Die Menschen machten sich auf eine gemeinsame Reise für eine bessere Zukunft (“Heute gemeinsam für unsere Kinder von morgen”, wie 1973 die Forderung nach Selbstverwaltung der Indianerstämme im Yukon betitelt war).

Der Schwerpunkt lag auf der Gemeindeentwicklung, auf der Aufbau der Selbstverwaltung, auf der Übernahme der Kontrolle über das Leben der indigenen Menschen nach einer langen Zeit der Kolonialisierung und der Bevormundung durch die staatlichen Behörden. Ich hatte den Eindruck, dass die Würmer des Alkohols und der Drogen und der Gewalt wieder in die brennenden Minenschächte von Coal Mine Hill und Tantalus Butte zurück krochen.

Jetzt, mehr als zwanzig Jahre später, und aus der Ferne, spüre ich, dass der Fluch der ewigen Qualen für das Volk der Northern Tutchone von Carmacks noch nicht gebrochen ist. Es ist traurig, von gewaltsamen Todesfällen, Kriminalität und mangelnder Verbesserung der interkulturellen Beziehungen zwischen den Vertretern des britischen Empire, der Mainstream-Kultur und der indigenen Bevölkerung zu lesen. Als Teil meiner eigenen Forschung über die Schönheit und die Herausforderungen der Arbeit mit indigenen Gemeinden bin ich zu dem Schluss gekommen, dass es großer Anstrengungen bedarf, um mit den kolonialen Hinterlassenschaften und der genozidalen Politik, die die Beziehung zwischen den “verdammten Weißen” und den “betrunkenen Indianern” geprägt hat, Frieden zu schließen.

Wenn ich die Berichterstattung über die jüngsten rechtsmedizinischen Untersuchungen  und die Strafgerichtsverfahren lese, an denen Menschen beteiligt waren, die ich als Nachbarn in einer kleinen Gemeinde mit grossem Potenzial an den Ufern des Yukon und des Nordenskjold Rivers kennen gelernt habe, spüre ich, dass der Krieg noch immer andauert: Das Gesundheitspersonal wird beschuldigt, nicht das (medizinisch) Richtige zu tun; die Gemeindemitglieder üben wenig Kontrolle über ihren weniger-als-gesundheitsfördernden Lebensstil aus, erwarten aber vom kolonialen Gesundheitssystem ein magisches Heilmittel für die resultierenden Leiden; die Regierung des Yukon hat noch nicht einmal den Erhalt der Empfehlungen aus meiner eigenen Forschung für kleine politische Änderungen bestätigt, die die interkulturelle Beziehung verbessern und die kulturelle Sicherheit bei der Arbeit mit indigenen Gemeinden erhöhen könnten.

Es spielt keine Rolle, ob der markante Hügel in der Nähe von Carmacks mit seinem kolonialen oder seinem indigenen Namen bezeichnet wird: Beide Namen stehen für die Zwangslage einer Gemeinschaft, die sich auf vielen Ebenen nach Heilung sehnt um damit die Flüche des kolonialen Erbes zu brechen.

weiterführende Literatur:

Arnold, O. F. (2012). Reconsidering the “NO SHOW” Stamp: Increasing Cultural Safety by Making Peace with a Colonial Legacy. Northern Review, (36), 77-96. Retrieved from https://thenorthernreview.ca/index.php/nr/article/view/259

Arnold, O. F., & Bruce, A. (2005). Nursing practice with Aboriginal communities: Expanding worldviews. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(3), 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318405277632

Arnold, O. F. (2005). Nursing with indigenous communities: The question of membership. Retrieved from https://ofradix.net/2012/11/21/nursing-with-indigenous-communities-the-question-of-membership/

Arnold, O. F. (2004). Working in Aboriginal communities: What kind of health are we promoting? Retrieved from https://ofradix.net/2017/09/14/working-in-aboriginal-communities-what-kind-of-health-are-we-promoting/

für Zeitungsartikel der Yukon News zum Geschehen in Carmacks (gute und andere Neuigkeiten):

https://www.yukon-news.com/search/?cx=015619971846971042401%3Aufh1ywe-cms&ie=UTF-8&q=carmacks

Quelle für die historischen Hinweise zum Tantalus Butte: http://www.explorenorth.com/library/mining/tantaluscoal.html

Colonialism: Eternal punishment?

Tantalus Butte – a landmark in Carmacks, Yukon. It is named after a mythological figure from ancient Greece.

Tantalus was most famous for his eternal punishment. He was made to stand in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree with low branches, with the fruit ever eluding his grasp, and the water always receding before he could take a drink.

What an omen.

Historically, it was Frederick Schwatka who describes “In A Summer in Alaska” (1893):

In the region about the mouth of the Nordenskiöld River a conspicuous bald butte could be seen directly in front of our raft no less than seven times, on as many different stretches of the river. I called it Tantalus Butte, and was glad enough to see it disappear from sight. 

To the Northern Tutchone people, it was known as Gun Tthi, which means ‘worm hill’. They believed that a giant worm with eyes like the sun lived in the hill, and if they made too much noise while passing by on the river, the worm would cause a big wind that would upset their boat.

And the boats in Carmacks are still upset. Many of the people stand in a pool of clear water under an abundantly filled fruit tree with low branches – and the good life does not seem within reach.

The boy I used to regularly pick up with the school bus from the neighbouring driveway: accused of first degree murder. The girl that met me as the bus driver with a mix of contempt and regard – always good for a verbal fight and thankful for the extra service when running late – died as a young woman on a medevac flight under disputable circumstances. A man my age, son of the elder who wanted to adopt me into the First Nation, vanished for a bottle of booze: stabbed to death and disposed off in the mighty Yukon River.

When I stood as part of the honour guard at the ceremony for the signing of the self-government agreement between the British Crown and the Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation – dressed in a brand-new yellow jumpsuit of an EFF (emergency fire fighter), which eventually gave me my Indian name Tsüne Cho (“Big Bird”) – I became the impression that the community of Carmacks was on a healing way. The people embarked on a journey together for a brighter future (“Together Today for our Children Tomorrow”).

There was a strong focus on community development, on establishing self government, on taking control of indigenous peoples’ lives after a long period of colonization and paternalism by the state authorities. I had the impression that the worms of booze and drugs and violence started to crawl back into the burning mine shafts at Coal Mine Hill and Tantalus Butte.

Now, more than twenty years later, and from a distance, I sense that the curse of eternal punishment for the Northern Tutchone people of Carmacks is not broken yet. It is saddening to read of violent deaths, crime, and lack of improvement in the intercultural relationship between the representatives of the British Empire, the mainstream culture, and the indigenous people. As part of my own research into the beauty and challenges of working with indigenous communities, I concluded that it will take much effort to make peace with the colonial legacies and the genocidal policies that shaped the relationship between the “fuckin’ White man” and the “drunk Indian”.

Reading the news coverage of the latest coroner’s inquests and criminal court trials, involving people I got to know as neighbours in a small community with great potential on the banks of the Yukon and Nordenskjold Rivers, I sense that the war is still on: Health care staff are being accused of not doing the right (medical) thing; community members take little control of their less-than-health-promoting lifestyles but expecting a magic cure for their ills from the colonial health care system; the government of the Yukon has not even yet acknowledged the receipt of the recommendations from my own research for small policy changes that could improve the intercultural relationship and increase the cultural safety when working with indigenous communities.

It does not matter, whether the landmark hill near Carmacks is referred to by its colonial or its indigenous name: both names represent a predicament for a community that is longing deeply for healing at many levels, thus breaking the curses of the colonial legacy.

References:

Arnold, O. F. (2012). Reconsidering the “NO SHOW” Stamp: Increasing Cultural Safety by Making Peace with a Colonial Legacy. Northern Review, (36), 77-96. Retrieved from https://thenorthernreview.ca/index.php/nr/article/view/259

Arnold, O. F., & Bruce, A. (2005). Nursing practice with Aboriginal communities: Expanding worldviews. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(3), 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318405277632

Arnold, O. F. (2005). Nursing with indigenous communities: The question of membership. Retrieved from https://ofradix.net/2012/11/21/nursing-with-indigenous-communities-the-question-of-membership/

Arnold, O. F. (2004). Working in Aboriginal communities: What kind of health are we promoting? Retrieved from https://ofradix.net/2017/09/14/working-in-aboriginal-communities-what-kind-of-health-are-we-promoting/

for Yukon News coverage on Carmacks (good news and other news):

https://www.yukon-news.com/search/?cx=015619971846971042401%3Aufh1ywe-cms&ie=UTF-8&q=carmacks

for historical context on Tantalus Butte: http://www.explorenorth.com/library/mining/tantaluscoal.html

Eye Catching Art with a Message

ungewöhnliches Kunsthandwerk mit einer Botschaft

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Please, watch this short documentary about the art work of a friend of mine in the United States: “Eye Catching Art with a Message” documentary.
Dieser Doku Film ist über die Arbeit einer guten Bekannten von mir in den Vereinigten Staaten, die ihre Lebenserfahrung als Pflegefachperson am Rande der Gesellschaft nun ausdrückt in Skulpturen und Bildern. Leider nur auf Englisch.
The award-winning news anchor, Steve Long, from KEVN – Black Hills Fox television, gently introduces Yoko Sugawara and her unusual art work.
Yoko has been painting for many years. She started with Japanese calligraphy and drawing, then expanded her repertoire to include Western art forms and themes from her professional and volunteer nursing work of her first station in the US. Deeply compassionate about social justice, based on her lived experience in Pine Ridge Reservation, her next series of painted works is titled Shadows and Lights.
About ten years ago, Yoko spent much time exploring a new medium to express herself: ceramic art. As with her paintings, her sculptures and installations are deeply influenced by her life experiences, as well as by her compassionate service (i.e. as a nurse with Doctors without Borders, or during the recovery from the Fukushima nuclear meltdown).
I have had the opportunity to model for this under-appreciated artist.
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Yoko says, that she was told many times to produce still life paintings or landscapes in order to make a living from her art work. But she remains committed to her message: “Through the journey of self-reflection, I want to foster the courage to embrace ourselves the way we are. My art mirrors the complexity of the human condition. Empathy that I cultivated as a nurse helps me perceive situations with deeper understanding. New concepts for my creations often emerge through these perceptions and insights.”
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Her work is deeply personal, and yet universal. And still, she accepts no compromise for the sake of achieving commercial success.

Hope on the horizon – the movie (+de)

Hope on the horizon: The short experimental film Healing in Babalmé has been officially selected for screening at the Dawson City International Short Film Festival 2013.

DCISFFlogo

Healing in Babalmé – A story of hope from a marginalized place tells the story of a humanitarian worker’s lived experiences during a malnutrition crisis in Chad, where a pastoralist community on the edge of the Sahara desert mobilizes its own resources to overcome effects of marginalization. This short experimental documentary is a witness to the power of supportive non-intervention and true community development.

für eine deutsche Übersetzung klicke hier: Hoffnung in Babalmé
I am pleased to announce, that my creative spirits have persisted, thanks to the encouragement of Celia and others, to revise and re-edit the animated audio-visual presentation based on my experiences in Chad. I still feel blessed that I have been able to witness the events that inspired me to write the story. They are still a source of hope for me. The events illustrate for me that there is “that of God in everyone”: People with nothing can make a difference if we don’t crush their individual and collective agency with might and paternalistic intentions.

The 2013 Dawson City International Short Film Festival will be another venue to share the message of hope with a wider audience.

You can enjoy the preview in this YouTube version anytime by clicking the arrow button:

Dedicated to the people of Babalmé and the North Kanem/Chad Continue reading “Hope on the horizon – the movie (+de)”

Walking Home – a short film

“Walking Home – A contemplative journey along the Yukon River” is a short film conceptualized, directed, and produced by Othmar F. Arnold, with feedback and support from Celia McBride; filmed in Whitehorse, Yukon (Canada).

Continue reading “Walking Home – a short film”

Valuing democracy – playing by the rules

I was asked to contribute to the ongoing consultation process for the Peel Watershed Regional Land Use Plan. Here are my thoughts:

Image
Monolith Mountain in the Tombstone Territorial Park. A protected natural space in the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in traditional territory adjacent to the Peel River watershed.

Feedback Peel Watershed Regional Land Use Plan Consultation

My personal opinion is that the Peel River region has sufficient natural value to be designated as a whole (=100%) a protected area similar to a National Park. However, I see that various stakeholders have an interest in accessing some resources in the Peel River watershed:

For First Nations it is an area for subsistence, primarily fishing, but also hunting, berry picking and the collection of other plant materials for medicinal uses. As the representatives of a colonial power, the Yukon Government also has to realize that the Peel River watershed has spiritual values to the indigenous people of that area, the people that have lived on the land for centuries, that live on the land today, and the ones yet-to-come. This land is part of the people – a concept that is hard to grasp for us Westerners who have developed property rights, buy and sell real estate like a commodity, with no emotional or spiritual attachment, and see us as enlightened beings separate from the natural world.

Continue reading “Valuing democracy – playing by the rules”

A Better Yukon for All – the governmental strategy for social inclusion and poverty reduction

A critical review by Othmar F. Arnold

(All mentioned documents are linked directly to the original source.)

The preamble to the new strategy document outlines very nicely what a better Yukon for all means: “A socially inclusive society is one where all people feel valued, their differences are respected, and their basic needs are met so they can live with dignity. It is a society where everyone has the opportunity to participate and to have their voice heard.’ (p. 8) And it continues with deep insight about social exclusion: it “is the result of barriers in the social, economic, political and cultural systems” (p. 8).

In the introduction, the scope of the strategy is presented as a guideline to social policy development; or in other words, how government will facilitate a way of meaningfully living together. From the research the government conducted, it concluded that service delivery and access to services appear the main reasons for the fact that some people in the Yukon do not feel included. Furthermore, “poverty is one of the most obvious factors contributing to social exclusion, but social exclusion also stems from and is exacerbated by inadequate education, housing, health, social participation, employment and access to services (p. 8)”.

Continue reading “A Better Yukon for All – the governmental strategy for social inclusion and poverty reduction”

A sorry state – the loss of democracy (+de)

A Sorry State (für eine deutsche Teilübersetzung klicke hier: Ein leider Zustand)

Last week, the Available Light Cinema film series in Whitehorse screened the new documentary by local director Mitch Miyagawa with the catchy title “A Sorry State”. Indeed, much of what we read in the news about politics, be it at the level of the territorial government, the federal government, or many national governments around the world, supports the impression that this world is in a sorry state.

But do not fear: I am not going to write a lament about our current political situation. I’ll leave that for other writers in local newspapers that dared to describe our cage-fighting MP a sock puppet of the Prime Minister… (Yukon News)

The sorry state in Miyagawa’s film refers to the various apologies his extended family has received over the last decade from the government of Canada for political wrongs of its colonial history: Continue reading “A sorry state – the loss of democracy (+de)”

The time for giving – global needs you would have never dreamed of

Over the last few days, I came across several writings in the blogosphere about aid. It started with the blog from a Norwegian family that inquired whether providing employment for a person from a marginalized context (read: Third World country) could potentially constitute a form of development aid at the private, most direct level.

Is hosting an au pair the most direct form of developmental aid maybe?
I´m not being cynical. It is a sincere question. (from Au pair host: “Development Aid?“)

In response, I offered some of my own thoughts for finding an answer:

…However, I have some doubts about the notion of development aid. In the first case, the mother and child have migrated from the less affluent to the more affluent context due to marriage. They have uprooted themselves to significantly improve their social and hopefully economic standing – this is what I call upward mobility. There is no development in Kenya associated with that.
In the second case, the young woman has returned with hard earned and saved cash and is able to run a family business. At least that will have a development effect in the country of origin. But the process is a form of migrant labour, or maybe another form of remittance.
I think that if a person from a marginalized country comes and works as au pair in a highly privileged country and is treated like a human being and not simply as cheap labour, it is a noble exchange.
But it does not constitute charity:

Nick Negerli - the ubiquitous guilt-absorbing church collection boxes of a recent past (photo credit: vgntramp.wordpress.com)
(photo credit: vgntramp.wordpress.com)

Continue reading “The time for giving – global needs you would have never dreamed of”

Hope on the horizon – the movie (+de)

Healing in Babalmé – A story of hope from a marginalized place tells the story of a humanitarian worker’s lived experiences during a malnutrition crisis in Chad, where a pastoralist community on the edge of the Sahara desert mobilizes its own resources to overcome effects of marginalization. This short experimental documentary is a witness to the power of supportive non-intervention and true community development.

für eine deutsche Übersetzung klicke hier: Hoffnung in Babalmé
I am pleased to announce, that my creative spirits have persisted, thanks to the encouragement of Celia and others, to revise and re-edit the animated audio-visual presentation based on my experiences in Chad. I still feel blessed that I have been able to witness the events that inspired me to write the story. They are still a source of hope for me. The events illustrate for me that there is “that of God in everyone”: People with nothing can make a difference if we don’t crush their individual and collective agency with might and paternalistic intentions.

I am planning to submit this version to the Dawson City International Short Film Festival 2013.

DCISFFlogo

It will be another venue to share the message of hope with a wider audience.
You can enjoy the preview in this YouTube version anytime by clicking the arrow button:

Dedicated to the people of Babalmé and the North Kanem/Chad Continue reading “Hope on the horizon – the movie (+de)”

Experiments in living – to govern or not to govern

Experiments in living – multicultural lichen colony with a funny face on Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut.

Today, I got drawn into an online conversation. It started with the following blog entry: Experiments in Living and its subsequent exchange of replies that eventually touched on the issue of need and structure of government. From the exchange I got the sense that government seems to be categorically opposite to the notion of liberty, as well as that certain national governments are being viewed as completely separate from and in opposition to the population. For me the latter seems peculiar and indicates a fundamental flaw of existing government structures. I have posted earlier some of my own thoughts about governance under the heading leadership and power – not authoritarian rule and legalized force.

 

Here I will share with you my reply to the above-mentioned online dialogue:

Dear Malcolm,

I am not sure if smaller government is my preferred vision in general.

Continue reading “Experiments in living – to govern or not to govern”

Nursing with indigenous communities: The question of membership

Membership and belonging are important factors for well-being on an individual level. It is a topic that resonates strongly with me for a long time. In 2004/05, I have written an article on community membership and belonging from a nursing perspective with a particular focus on cross-cultural practice in indigenous communities. It was never published, but might be of interest to some.

Nursing practice with Aboriginal communities: An exploration of the question of membership.

Othmar F. Arnold, RN, MN,

Abstract

For most nurses working with Aboriginal people, such a posting is a professional challenge. Nurses do not hold any formal membership in the cultural and ethnically diverse communities they serve. The importance is placed on competent and efficient delivery of needed services for populations that are known for significant health disparities and marginalization. Drawing from Nuu-chah-nulth origin stories, it appears to be important for the realization of Aboriginal health, healing, and well being that health professionals acquire community membership. The difference between the two world views poses an ethical dilemma, possibly constituting a form of cultural imperialism. Nursing science based approaches for bridging the intercultural gap are explored.

Health Centre, Carmacks, Yukon, serving the Village of Carmacks and the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation

Content:

Membership from an Indigenous Perspective

Membership from a Discussion among Community Nurse Practitioners

Membership from a nursing theory perspective

Ethical questions

Recommendations for action at micro, meso, and macro level
Continue reading “Nursing with indigenous communities: The question of membership”

A call for lateral love from down under

Today I learned through a follower of this blog about an important indigenous healing initiative in Australia. It is called Lateral Love Australia and is intended to explore and help overcome the opposite of lateral love: Lateral violence.

Lateral violence happens when people who are both victims of a situation of dominance, in fact turn on each other rather than confront the system that oppresses them both.

I was touched by this initiative. I have witnessed many instances where people in marginalized communities I served in were hurting each other. Instead of pulling together towards healing from various forms of colonial trauma, people engage in acts of lateral violence (gossip, bullying, blaming, alcoholism, drug use, domestic violence, suicide). This only creates more hurt and pain, helps reinforce stereotypes, and perpetuates racism.

Inuit children in Ikaluktutiak/Cambridge Bay practicing lateral love. Family dance Christmas 2008.

Continue reading “A call for lateral love from down under”